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Cholewicki J, Panjabi M, Khachatryan A: Stabilizing Function of Trunk Flexor-Extensor Muscles Around a Neutral Spine Posture. Spine 1997 Volume 22, Number 19, pp 2207-2212.

Frymoyer JW, Cats- Baril WL: An Overview of the Incidences and Costs of Low Back Pain. Orthopedic Clinics of North America. April 1991; Volume 22, Number 2: pp 263-271.

Hammer, Warren I. Functional Soft Tissue Examination and Treatment by Manual Methods; New Perspectives (2nd ed.). Gaithersburg: Aspen Publishers, Inc.; 1999. pp. 397-398, 416.

Hodges PW, Richardson CA: Delayed Postural Contraction of Transversus Abdominis in Low Back Pain Associated with Movement of the Lower Limb. Journal of Spinal Disorders. 1998; Volume 11, Number 1, pp 46-56.

Janda V., Evaluation of Muscular Imbalance. In: Rehabilitation of the Spine. Liebenson C., ed. Philadelphia: Williams and Wilkins, p. 97. 1996.

Jenkins, J.R.: The Transversus Abdominis and Reconditioning the Lower Back. Strength and Conditioning Journal, 2003; 25(6):60-66.

Jull G, Janda V: Muscles and Motor Control in Lower Back Pain-Assessment and Management. In: Twomey LT, Taylor JR, eds.: Physical Therapy for the Lower Back. New York: Churchill Livingstone; 1987: p 253-78.

Kankaanpaa M, Taimela S, Laaksonen D, Hanninen O, Airaksinen O: Back and Hip Extensor Fatigability in Chronic Low Back Pain Patients and Controls. Archives Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. April 1998; Volume 79: pp 412-17.

Kendall & McCreary: Muscle Testing and Function. 3rd ed. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins; 1983, pp.112, 175 and 193.

Liebenson C: Rehabilitation of the Spine. Pennsylvania, Williams & Wilkins; 1996.

Magee, D.J., Orthopedic Physical Assessment (3rd ed.). Philadelphia, PA: W.B. Saunders. p.697. 1997.

McGill SM: Low Back Exercises: Evidence for Improving Exercise Regimens. Physical Therapy 1998; Volume 78, Number 7, pp 754-65.

M.A. Mayoux-Benhamou, M. Revel, C. Vallee, R. Roudier, J.P. Barbet and F. Bargy: Longus Colli has a postural function on the cervical curvature. Surgical and Radiologic Anatomy, Journal of Clinical Anatomy. 16: 367-371. 1994.

Norris CN: Spinal Stabilization. 1. Active Lumbar Stabilization - Concepts. Physiotherapy 1995; 81(2);61-64

Seaman DR: Back Pain in Golf/Seminar Text. West Chicago, August 1999, p 24.

Thorstensson A, Daggfeldt K: The Role of Intra-Abdominal Pressure in Spinal Unloading. J Biomechanics 1997, Volume 30, Numbers 11/12, pp 1149-55.

Voight, M.L. and B.C. Thomson. The role of the scapula in the rehabilitation of shoulder injuries. J. Athl. Train. 35:364-372. 2000.

R. Putz/ R. Pabst, Sobotta, Atlas der Anatomie des Menschen, 21st Ed, 2000 C Elsevier GmbH, Urban & Fischer Verlag Munchen

Please remember to consult with your healthcare provider prior to undertaking any exercise program and each individual should perform these exercises with instruction from and under the supervision of a qualified professional.

 

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